Nonverbal Communication: Definition, Function, Channels, Differences, etc

Nonverbal Communication: Definition, Function, Channels, Differences, etc

 

nonverbal communication

Definition of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is any sign or form of individual communication other than words (verbal) which can include gestures, speed of speech, pauses, glances, nods, handshakes, touches, even clothing styles, and so on. This statement is in line with the opinion of Samovar & Porter (in Mulyana, 2016, p. 343) that nonverbal communication includes all stimuli, except for verbal stimuli in a communication setting, produced by individuals and the use of the environment by individuals who have potential messages for the sender or receiver. .

 

 

Theoretically, verbal and nonverbal communication can be separated, but in reality, these two types of communication are intertwined with each other, complementing each other in the communication that we often do everyday (Solihat & Solihat, 2014, p. 49). With notes, of course, this does not apply to individuals with physical limitations.

 

Apart from always accompanying verbal communication, this nonverbal communication is more honest as it is. In fact, according to DePaulo (in Maryam, 2018, p. 69) nonverbal behavior is relatively uncontrollable or difficult to control, so that when someone tries to hide their true feelings from others, the behavior still appears through nonverbal cues.

 

 

Even though it is considered silent or not expressed through words, nonverbal language is precisely the main context of communication. As revealed by Hall (in Mulyana, 2016, p. 344) that nonverbal language is a silent language that has hidden dimensions of a culture.

 

 

Called silent and hidden, because nonverbal messages are embedded in the context of communication. In addition to situational and relational cues in transactions, non-verbal messages also provide contextual cues. Together with verbal cues and contextual cues, nonverbal messages help us interpret the full meaning of the communication experience.” (Mulyana, 2016, p. 344).

 

Types/Types/Channels of Nonverbal Communication

According to Delamater and Myers (2018 in Maryam, 2018, p. 70) there are four types or channels of nonverbal communication which are as follows.

 

Paralanguage

These are all aspects of vocals in speech other than words, behavior in the form of vowels or speech variations, such as loudness, speed of speech, pauses in speaking, tone of voice, tone of voice, breath, and so on. Paralinguistic cues are received through hearing (auditory).

Bodylanguage or kinesics (kinesics)

Namely silent movements of limbs, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye gaze, foot movements, nods, shifts in posture, handshakes, touches, and so on. Kinesic cues are received via visuals.

Interpersonal spacing or proxemics (proxemics)

Is the position of ourselves at a distance and angle from other people, such as standing close or far away, facing the head, using a distance barrier with books or other objects, and so on. In general, the more familiar a person is with another person, the closer they are in interacting. We tend to keep our distance to show our disinterest or dislike.

Other personal aspects that are deliberately chosen or created by individuals, such as clothing choices, hairstyles, makeup, contact lenses, perfumes, and so on.

Multi-channel Nonverbal Communication

In our daily interactions, we usually receive information from multiple channels at the same time. Archer and Akert found that people are able to interpret the signals displayed through various nonverbal communication channels quite accurately, by using various clues or signs even though there are differences in some types of people (Sarwono & Meinarno in Maryam, 2018, p. 71). For example, extroverts are better at their abilities than introverts. By comparing information from a variety of different channels, it can increase the accuracy of interpretation of nonverbal behavior.

 

Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication

When we talk on voice calls (telephone), or shout to friends who are in another room, we are limited to communicating through verbal and paralinguistic channels. When we wave for arriving or departing passengers at the airport, we are only using the visual channel. However, communication involves multiple channels. Information is conveyed simultaneously through verbal (words), paralinguistic, kinesic, and proxemic instructions.

 

What is the problem when communication combines different communication channels? If the different channels are consistent in conveying information, they will mutually reinforce one another, and communication will be accurate. However, if the different channels used in conveying the information are inconsistent, the message conveyed will create confusion, or even raise suspicions of fraud (Delamater & Myers, 2018 in Maryam, 2018, p. 71).

 

Nonverbal Communication Function

 

Nonverbal communication has functions related to nonverbal language and independent functions. Some of the functions of nonverbal communication are as follows.

 

emblems,

i.e. Certain eye movements are symbols of having equality with verbal symbols.

Illustrator,

i.e. Looking down can indicate depression or sadness.

regulators,

i.e. eye contact means an open channel of conversation.

Customizer,

an example is the rapid increase in eye blinking when people are under stress. It is an unconscious response which is the body’s attempt to reduce anxiety.

Affect Display,

i.e. Enlargement of the pupil (pupil dilation) indicates the level of emotion. Other facial cues show feelings of fear, surprise and pleasure. (Mulyana, 2016, p. 349).

Furthermore, Knapp (in Solihat & Solihat, 2014, p. 55) reveals that there are five functions of nonverbal communication that are associated with verbal communication, which are as follows.

 

Repetition

That is repeating ideas that have been presented verbally. For example, after refusing and then followed by shaking the head

Substitution

Namely replacing verbal symbols. For example, without a word, then nod, the action shows approval.

Contradiction

Rejecting verbal messages or giving other meanings to verbal messages. For example praising a friend’s achievements by pouting his lips by saying “great”.

Complement

Namely complement and enrich the meaning of nonverbal messages.

Accentuation

Namely confirming the verbal message or underlining it. For example when expressing feelings of anger by hitting the table.

Meanwhile, according to Mulyana (2016, pp. 349-350) in relation to verbal behavior, nonverbal behavior has the following functions.

 

Nonverbal behavior can repeat verbal behavior, for example by nodding your head when saying “yes”, or shaking your head when saying “no”.

Reinforces, emphasizes or complements verbal behavior. For example, waving your hand while saying “goodbye”.

Nonverbal behavior can replace verbal behavior, so it stands alone. For example, shaking your hands with your palms facing forward (in lieu of the word “no”).

Nonverbal behavior can regulate verbal behavior. For example, a student is wearing a jacket or packing up books, or looking at his watch before the lecture ends, so the lecturer immediately closes the lecture.

Nonverbal behavior can contradict or contradict verbal behavior. For example, a husband says, “good, good” when asked by his wife about the dress he just bought, while continuing to read the newspaper or watch television.

Difference between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Anderson in his book entitled “Communication in Our Live” states that there are two differences between verbal and nonverbal communication, namely as follows.

 

Non-verbal communication is considered more honest. If verbal and nonverbal actors are inconsistent, most people believe the nonverbal behavior. There is little evidence that nonverbal behavior is actually more trustworthy than verbal communication; after all, we often control it quite consciously. Despite this, it is considered more reliable.

Unlike verbal communication, non-verbal communication is communication that uses multiple channels simultaneously (multi-channels). Verbal communication usually occurs in one channel, oral verbal communication received through hearing, and written verbal communication can be seen, felt, heard, smelled, and tasted.

Furthermore, according to Wood (2016, pp. 131-132) the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is discrete (separate/different), while nonverbal communication is continuous (continuous). Verbal symbols of start and stop, we started talking at one moment and stopped talking at another. Conversely, nonverbal communication tends to flow continuously. Before we speak, our facial expressions and posture convey how we feel, when we speak, our body movements will communicate appearances, and after we speak our posture will probably become more relaxed.

 

Furthermore, according to Hickson & Stacks (1989) there are three differences in verbal and nonverbal communication which are as follows.

 

Intentionality

A major difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is the perception of intent. In general, this intention becomes more important when we talk about symbols or verbal codes. Michael Burgoon and Michael Ruffner emphasized that a verbal message is communication if the message is sent by the source on purpose, and received by the recipient on purpose as well.

Symbolic Differences

Sometimes this intention or intent can be understood because of some symbolic impact from our communication. For example, wearing clothes with a certain color or model, might be understood as a certain message by other people. For example, dressing in black will be given meaning as an expression of condolences.

Processing Mechanism (Processing Meccanism)

The third difference between verbal and non-verbal communication has to do with how we process information. All information including communication is processed through the brain, then our brain interprets this information through the mind which functions to control physiological (reflex) and sociological (learned behavior and social behavior) behaviors.

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